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balance of state budget

  • 1 balance of state budget

    1. сальдо государственного бюджета

     

    сальдо государственного бюджета
    Разница между доходами и расходами государственного бюджета. При превышении расходов над доходами имеем дефицит бюджета [budget deficit], т.е. отрицательное сальдо, при превышении доходов над расходами —профицит бюджета[budget surplus] - положительное.
    [ http://slovar-lopatnikov.ru/]

    Тематики

    EN

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > balance of state budget

  • 2 state budget general government balance

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > state budget general government balance

  • 3 budget

    1. сущ.
    1)
    а) фин., учет бюджет, смета, финансовый план (план доходов и расходов на определенный срок; может иметься в виду соответствующий план государства, региона, компании или отдельного домохозяйства)

    ATTRIBUTES:

    municipal budget — муниципальный бюджет, бюджет муниципального образования

    national [state\] budget — государственный бюджет

    COMBS:

    a budget data — бюджетные данные, бюджетная информация

    an item in [on\] a budget — статья в бюджете

    the budget debate; the debate on the budget — обсуждение бюджета

    The budget debate [the debate on the budget\] lasted for two days. — Обсуждение бюджета продолжались два дня.

    to submit [present\] a budget — предоставить бюджет на рассмотрение

    to pass [approve\] the budget — принять [одобрить, утвердить\] бюджет

    The council could refuse to set a legal budget which would result in its being unable to borrow money and pay its employees. — Совет может отказаться от составления официального бюджета, в результате чего не сможет брать кредиты и оплачивать труд своих служащих.

    See:
    consumer budget 1), actual budget, administrative budget, adopted budget, advertising and promotion budget, advertising budget, alternative budget, annual budget, appropriated budget, bottom-up budget, balanced budget, bottom-up budgeting, baseline budget, capital budget, cash budget, civilian budget, Common Budget, complete budget, congressional budget, continuous budget, consolidated budget, consolidated cash budget, construction budget 1), cost of goods manufactured budget, cost of goods sold budget, current budget, defense budget, deficit budget, departmental budget, direct labour budget, direct materials budget, draft budget, executive budget, family budget, federal budget 1), financial budget, fixed assets budget, fixed budget, flexed budget, flexible budget, forecast budget, full-employment budget, functional budget, high-employment budget, household budget, incremental budget, labour budget, lame-duck budget, life-cycle budget, line-item budget, local budget, long-range budget, manufacturing overhead budget, marketing budget, master budget, materials budget, merchandise budget, military budget, national income accounts budget, non-appropriated budget, operating budget, original budget, overhead budget, partial budget, participative budget, performance budget, planned budget, president's budget, production budget, profit budget, pro forma budget, programme budget, promotion budget 1) а), project budget 1) а), proposed budget, publicity budget, purchasing budget, regulatory budget, revised budget, sales cost budget, selling and administrative expense budget, short-range budget, state budget, stock budget, supporting budget, surplus budget, tax expenditure budget, top-down budget, training budget 1) а), travel budget 1) а), Treasury Budget, unbalanced budget, unified budget, zero-based budget, budget analyst, budget balance, budget deficit, budget director, budget surplus, budget accountant, budget allocation, budget analysis, budget analyst, budget assumption, budget authority, budget balance, budget bill, Budget Bureau, budget category, budget classification, budget day, budget deficit, budget director, budget engineer, budget estimates, budget examiner, budget expenditures, budget line, budget message, budget officer, budget planning, budget price, budget process, budget programming, budget proposal, budget receipts, budget report, budget resolution, budget revenues, budget statement, budget variance, budget year, balance the budget, Congressional Budget Office, Financial Statement and Budget Report, off-budget, Office of Management and Budget, on-budget, budgeting, backdoor financing, highlights
    б) фин., учет бюджет (план хозяйственный деятельности, выраженный не в денежных, а в натуральных единицах; напр., план производства, в котором данные о количестве использованных материалов, запасов незавершенного производства на конец и начало планируемого периода и количестве готовой продукции приводятся в физических (натуральных) единицах измерения: штуках, килограммах и т. п.)
    See:
    2) фин., учет бюджет (сумма, выделенная на реализацию какой-л. программы, осуществление проекта или покрытие каких-л. целевых расходов)

    ATTRIBUTES:

    tight budget — напряженный [ограниченный, стесненный\] бюджет

    to exceed [stretch\] a budget — выходить за пределы бюджета

    to cut [reduce\] a budget — урезать [сократить\] бюджет

    See:
    3) фин., учет бюджет, бюджетный фонд* (единый пул средств, образуемый в течение данного периода и предназначенный для покрытия ряда расходов)

    To get reimbursed from our budget for purchases, you must fill out a voucher form. — Чтобы получить возмещение стоимости покупки из нашего закупочного фонда, вы должны заполнить подтверждающий документ.

    4) эк. прир. баланс (схема движения какого-л. ресурса и оценка его запаса на начало и конец периода)

    energy budgetэнергетический баланс (количественное описание энергообмена в физической или экологической системе)

    See:
    5) общ. запас, большое количество.

    If you don't dedicate an adequate budget of time and money to marketing, it's unlikely you'll attract enough customers to sustain and grow your venture. — Маловероятно, что вам удастся привлечь достаточное количество клиентов, чтобы поддерживать и развивать свое предприятие, если вы не выделите на маркетинг достаточное количество времени и денег.

    2. гл.
    фин., учет намечать, планировать, составлять бюджет [смету\], бюджетировать; предусматривать [выделять\] в бюджете, ассигновать по бюджету (выделять в бюджете сумму на какую-л. цель)

    to budget expenditures — составлять бюджет [смету\] расходов

    The council is budgeting for a 25% increase in expenditure on roads. — Совет планирует двадцатипятипроцентное увеличение расходов на дороги.

    How will I know how much to budget for my entire cruise vacation? — Как я узнаю, какие средства нужно выделить на весь круиз?

    The university had to budget for an increase in the number of students. — Университету пришлось предусмотреть в бюджете средства на увеличение числа студентов.

    See:
    3. прил.
    1) эк. дешевый, недорогой; экономичный

    budget price — низкая [невысокая\] цена

    Syn:
    See:
    2) общ. малобюджетный, имеющий ограниченный бюджет, с ограниченными средствами
    See:

    * * *
    бюджет: 1) детальный план (предполагаемые размеры) расходов и доходов правительства на новый финансовый год; 2) прогноз финансового положения предприятия (компании) в течение определенного периода; расчет материальных затрат и потребностей; обычно расчет идет от бюджета производства и материальных затрат к наличному бюджету и далее - к расчетному балансу компании и счету прибылей; 3) смета расходов и доходов по проекту, мероприятию; см. balanced budget; 4) экономичный, на основе продуманного бюджета, дешевый (напр., бюджетный отдых (budget holiday)).
    * * *
    /vt/ ассигновать
    * * *
    бюджет; смета; финансовая смета; планируемые расходы; план по расходам; план по расходам и доходам
    . Детальная смета финансовой деятельности, например, рекламный бюджет (смета расходов на рекламу), план сбыта, бюджет капиталовложений (смета инвестиций в основной капитал) . ассигновать; предусматривать в бюджете Словарь экономических терминов .
    * * *
    Финансы/Кредит/Валюта
    -----
    роспись денежных доходов и расходов государства, предприятия на определенный период, утвержденный в законодательном порядке см. bdgt
    -----
    количественное выражение плана, помощь для его координации и воплощения

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > budget

  • 4 budget

    1. n
    1) бюджет; детальный план доходов и расходов правительства

    - ad budget
    - additional budget
    - administrative budget
    - adverse budget
    - advertising budget
    - annual budget
    - approved budget
    - austerity budget
    - autonomous budget
    - balanced budget
    - balanced state budget
    - capital budget
    - capital assets budget
    - capital expenditure budget
    - cash budget
    - city budget
    - consolidated budget
    - consumer budget
    - current budget
    - defence budget
    - deficit-free budget
    - deficit-ridden
    - department budget
    - district budget
    - double budget
    - draft budget
    - emergency budget
    - excise budget
    - expense budget
    - extraordinary budget
    - family budget
    - federal budget
    - fixed budget
    - fixed assets budget
    - flexible budget
    - forecast budget
    - formula budget
    - government budget
    - household budget
    - independent budget
    - labour budget
    - legislative budget
    - local budget
    - low budget
    - manpower budget
    - manufacturing overhead budget
    - master budget
    - materials budget
    - military budget
    - mini budget
    - multiple budget
    - municipal budget
    - national budget
    - operating budget
    - ordinary budget
    - overall budget
    - overhead budget
    - performance budget
    - physical budget
    - planning budget
    - practicable budget
    - programme budget
    - project budget
    - proposed budget
    - publicity budget
    - purchase budget
    - realizable budget
    - regional budget
    - sales budget
    - sequestrated budget
    - sliding-scale budget
    - state budget
    - state social insurance budget
    - step budget
    - supplementary budget
    - surplus budget
    - tough budget
    - transitional budget
    - unbalanced budget
    - unified budget
    - voted budget
    - budget of expenditure
    - budget of volume and expenditure
    - approve the budget
    - balance the budget
    - bring in the budget
    - build up a budget
    - cut the budget
    - decrease the budget
    - draw up a budget
    - exceed the budget
    - execute the budget
    - implement the budget
    - include in the budget
    - increase the budget
    - make a budget
    - open the budget
    - pass the budget
    - prepare the budget
    - present the budget
    - stretch the budget
    - submit the budget
    - subsidize from the budget
    - work out a budget
    2. v

    English-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > budget

  • 5 budget

    1. n

    to approve the budget — одобрять / утверждать бюджет

    to build up the budget — разрабатывать / составлять бюджет / смету

    to slash 2 billion dollars from the budget — урезать бюджет на 2 млрд. долларов

    - austerity budget
    - balanced budget
    - biennial program budget
    - bulged budget
    - cautious budget
    - contributions to the UN budget
    - declining military budget
    - defense budget
    - deficit-ridden budget
    - draft budget
    - draft of the budget for...
    - emergency budget
    - extraordinary defense budget
    - federal budget
    - financing of the budget
    - health budget
    - make-up of the budget
    - massive budget
    - military budget
    - national budget
    - Programme Budget
    - reduction of the budget
    - regular budget
    - shoe-string budget
    - state budget
    - the budget faces a rough ride
    - tight budget
    - top-hat budget
    - voted budget
    - war budget
    2. v
    включать что-л. в бюджет, предусматривать что-л. в бюджете, ассигновать

    Politics english-russian dictionary > budget

  • 6 budget

    (bdgt)
    n фін., бухг. бюджет; кошторис; план координації ресурсів; a бюджетний; кошторисний
    план майбутнього фінансування діяльності підприємства, організації, установи і т. ін., в якому передбачаються їхні доходи (income¹) і видатки (expenditure²) на певний період часу; ♦ бувають різні види бюджетів: касовий (cash budget:: cash-flow budget:: cash-flow forecast), в якому відтворюються надходження та витрати готівкою; фінансовий (financial budget), в якому відтворюються капітальні витрати (capital expenditure) та готівкові надходження і витрати, що спільно з бюджетом поточних витрат (operational budget) становлять загальний фінансовий бюджет (master budget:: comprehensive budget), і т. ін.
    ═════════■═════════
    ad budget бюджет реклами • кошторис витрат на рекламу; administrative budget адміністративний фінансовий кошторис; advertising budget рекламний бюджет • кошторис асигнування на рекламу • кошторис витрат на рекламу; advertising and promotion budget кошторис витрат на рекламу і просування; annual budget річний бюджет; approved budget схвалений бюджет; average budget середній бюджет; balanced budget збалансований бюджет; capital budget; capital assets budget бюджет капіталовкладень • бюджет основного капіталу • кошторис основних грошових засобів; capital expenditure budget; cash budget; cash flow budget; complete budget загальний фінансовий кошторис • загальний сукупний фінансовий бюджет; comprehensive budget; consolidated budget консолідований бюджет • зведений бюджет; consumer budget споживацький бюджет; continuous budget; current budget поточні статті доходів і видатків бюджету; defense budget асигнування на оборону • державні витрати на військові потреби; deficit-free budget бездефіцитний бюджет; department budget бюджет департаменту • бюджет відділу • фінансовий кошторис міністерства • фінансовий кошторис установи • цеховий кошторис • цеховий фінансовий план; direct labour budget кошторис прямих витрат на оплату робочої сили • кошторис прямих витрат на оплату праці; direct materials budget кошторис прямих витрат на основні матеріали; double budget подвійний бюджет; draft budget проект бюджету; expense budget кошторис витрат; extraordinary budget незвичайний бюджет; factory overhead budget кошторис загальнофабричних накладних витрат; family budget родинний бюджет • сімейний бюджет; federal budget федеральний бюджет; financial budget; fixed budget твердий кошторис; fixed assets budget бюджет капіталовкладень • бюджет основного капіталу • кошторис основних грошових засобів; flexible budget гнучка виробнича програма-кошторис • гнучкий кошторис • гнучкий план; forecast budget кошторисні пропозиції • перспективний кошторис; government budget державний бюджет; household budget бюджет домогосподарства; labour budget кошторис по праці; local budget місцевий бюджет; long-range budget довгостроковий план; manpower budget перспективний план підготовки і використання робочої сили; manufacturing overhead budget кошторис фабрично-заводських накладних витрат • кошторис цехових накладних витрат; marketing budget бюджет маркетингу • кошторис витрат на маркетинг; master budget; materials budget кошторис витрат на придбання матеріалів; mini budget міні-бюджет; multiple budget багатоступеневий план • перспективний ковзний бюджет; municipal budget муніципальний бюджет; national budget державний бюджет; national advertising budget кошторис на загальнонаціональну рекламу • загальнонаціональні витрати на рекламу; national income accounts budget бюджет, обрахований за статистикою національного доходу; nation's economic budget економічний бюджет країни; operating budget; ordinary budget звичайний бюджет; overhead budget кошторис накладних витрат • кошторис накладних видатків • фінансовий план накладних витрат; partial budget частковий фінансовий кошторис; performance budget функціональний кошторис • функціональний фінансовий кошторис; perpetual budget; physical budget кошторис, упорядкований за стандартом • кошторис в натуральних одиницях • кошторис в натуральному обрахуванні; production budget виробничий план; program budget кошторис витрат цільового призначення • кошторис фінансування програми • кошторис цільової програми; project budget кошторис витрат на проект; promotion budget кошторис витрат на стимулювання попиту • сума асигнувань на стимулювання попиту; proposed budget пропонований бюджет; publicity budget кошторис представницьких витрат • кошторис витрат на популяризацію; purchase budget кошторис витрат на закупівлю • кошторис витрат на придбання; regulatory budget бюджет діяльності федерального уряду на регулювання економіки; research budget кошторис асигнувань на дослідження; rolling forward budget; sales budget програма збуту • план збуту • бюджет на збут; sales promotion budget кошторис витрат на стимулювання збуту; single-service budget бюджет, який передбачає один вид асигнувань; sliding-scale budget гнучка програма-кошторис • гнучка виробнича програма-кошторис • гнучкий кошторис • гнучкий план; state budget державний бюджет • бюджет штату • бюджет регіону; static budget твердий план • фіксований кошторис; step budget багатоступеневий державний бюджет; supplementary budget додатковий бюджет; supporting budget допоміжний кошторис; surplus budget бюджет, в якому доходи перевищують видатки; tight budget напружений бюджет; total budget загальний бюджет • генеральний бюджет; training budget кошторис на навчання; transitional budget перехідний бюджет; travel budget кошторис на відрядження; unbalanced budget незбалансований бюджет; unified budget уніфікований бюджет; variable budget гнучкий кошторис • гнучкий план; voted budget затверджений бюджет; zero base budget бюджет на нульовій основі
    ═════════□═════════
    budget account бюджетний рахунок • рахунок споживацького кредиту • родинний рахунок; budget assumption бюджетна передумова; budget ceiling максимальний розмір бюджету; budget constraint бюджетне обмеження • обмеження на величину капіталовкладень; budget contribution відрахування в бюджет; budget control кошторисна методика контролю; budget controller бюджетний контролер; budget costs бюджетні витрати; budget cutback зменшення бюджету; budget deficit дефіцит бюджету • перевищення урядових видатків над доходами • бюджетний дефіцит; budget department бюджетний відділ; budget division бюджетний відділ; budget estimate оцінка бюджету • підрахунок бюджету; budget estimates бюджетні припущення; budget evaluation обрахування бюджету; budget line рядок бюджету • курс бюджету; budget management контроль і регулювання бюджету; budget manager керівник бюджетного відділу; budget of expenditure кошторис витрат; budget of profit and loss кошторис прибутків і збитків; budget of volume and expenditure виробнича програма і кошторис витрат • план виробництва і витрат; budget on accruals basis бюджет на основі нагромаджень; budget proposal бюджетна пропозиція; budget restraint межа споживчого бюджету; budget set множина можливостей споживача; budget simulation моделювання бюджету; budget statement проект бюджету; budget surplus бюджетний надлишок • перевищення доходів над витратами • актив бюджету; to approve the budget затверджувати/затвердити бюджет • ухвалювати/ухвалити бюджет; to balance the budget збалансувати бюджет • ліквідувати дефіцит бюджету; to bring in the budget подавати/подати бюджет • подавати/подати на розгляд проект бюджету; to cut the budget зменшувати/зменшити бюджет; to decrease the budget зменшувати/зменшити бюджет; to do a budget готувати/підготувати бюджет; to draw up the budget укладати/укласти бюджет • готувати/підготувати бюджет; to increase the budget збільшувати/збільшити бюджет; to pass the budget затверджувати/затвердити бюджет; to plan a budget укладати/укласти план бюджету; to prepare the budget готувати/підготувати бюджет; to present the budget подавати/подати проект бюджету на розгляд; to reduce a budget зменшувати/зменшити бюджет; to set a budget визначати/визначити розмір бюджету; to submit the budget представляти/представити бюджет • подавати/подати на розгляд проект бюджету
    ═════════◇═════════
    бюджет < фр. budget < англ. budget — мішок скарбника < лат. bulga — шкіряний мішок; у середньовічній Англії скарбник зі шкіряним мішком, наповненим грішми, ставав перед парламентом і виголошував фінансову промову (ЕС-СУМ 1: 191; ЕСУМ 1: 315); кошторис < польс. kosztorys, koszt — витрати, вартість, кошт і rys — риса, нарис (ЕСУМ 3:69)
    * * *
    1.
    бюджет; кошторис; фінансовий кошторис; план щодо витрат; плановані витрати; план щодо витрат і доходів; кошторис витрат і доходів
    2. v.
    асигнувати; передбачати у бюджеті; виділяти кошти ( на що-небудь); розробляти кошторис; виділяти фонди під статтю витрат

    The English-Ukrainian Dictionary > budget

  • 7 budget

    ˈbʌdʒɪt
    1. сущ.
    1) бюджет;
    финансовая смета to draw up a budget ≈ составлять финансовую смету to submit a budget ≈ предложить на рассмотрение финансовую смету to balance a budget ≈ сбалансировать смету to adhere to budget;
    to keep, remain within a budget ≈ придерживаться составленной сметы;
    не превышать расходов, зафиксированных в смете to exceed, stretch a budget ≈ выходить за пределы сметы to cut, reduce a budget ≈ сократить смету, урезать смету annual budgetежегодный бюджет federal budgetфедеральный бюджет household budget ≈ семейный бюджет itemized budget ≈ уточненная смета municipal budget ≈ городской бюджет national budget, state budgetгосударственный бюджет an item in/on a budget ≈ статья расходов в бюджете zero-based budget ≈ бюджет "с чистого листа" (финансовая процедура, используемая при подготовке бюджета программы какого-либо учреждения;
    основная цель состоит в максимальном сокращении расходов)
    2) запас budget of newsкуча новостей
    3) уст. сумка и ее содержимое
    2. гл.
    1) предусматривать в бюджете, ассигновать( for)
    2) составлять бюджет ∙ budget for бюджет;
    финансовая смета (устаревшее) сумка;
    бумажник;
    содержимое сумки или бумажника;
    пачка запас - a * of news куча новостей (устаревшее) кожаная бутылка предусматривать в бюджете;
    ассигновывать по бюджету намечать, планировать - * your time рассчитайте свое время activities ~ смета затрат по видам работ ad ~ смета расходов на рекламу advertising ~ смета на рекламу amended ~ бюджет с внесенными поправками annual ~ годовой бюджет balanced ~ сбалансированный бюджет basic ~ исходный бюджет budget ассигновать ~ ассигновывать ~ бюджет;
    финансовая смета ~ бюджет ~ запас;
    a budget of news куча новостей ~ запас ~ планировать ~ предусматривать в бюджете, ассигновать (for) ~ предусматривать в бюджете ~ составлять бюджет ~ уст. сумка и ее содержимое ~ уровень ~ финансовая смета ~ of authorizations бюджетные ассигнования ~ запас;
    a budget of news куча новостей ~ of profit and loss смета доходов и расходов ~ on accruals basis бюджет на основе накоплений capital ~ периодический отчет о состоянии основного капитала capital ~ смета вложений в основной капитал capital ~ смета капиталовложений cash ~ кассовый бюджет central government ~ государственный бюджет circumscribed ~ ограниченная смета circumscribed ~ ограниченный бюджет Community ~ бюджет Европейского экономического сообщества current and investment ~ текущие статьи доходов и расходов и смета капиталовложений current ~ текущие статьи доходов и расходов бюджета defence ~ ассигнования на оборону defence ~ военный бюджет draft ~ проект бюджета draft ~ проект сметы exceed the ~ выходить из бюджета federal ~ федеральный бюджет (США) framework ~ общий бюджет household ~ семейный бюджет introduce the ~ вносить бюджет на рассмотрение investment ~ смета капиталовложений lending ~ ссудный бюджет liquidity ~ бюджет ликвидности local authority ~ муниципальный бюджет long-term ~ долгосрочный бюджет municipal ~ городской бюджет national ~ государственный бюджет operating ~ оперативная смета operating ~ смета текущих затрат pared ~ урезанная смета pared ~ урезанный бюджет pass a ~ утверждать бюджет planned ~ предварительная сводная смета present the ~ представлять смету profit ~ плановая прибыль promotional ~ ассигнования на рекламно-пропагандистскую деятельность rent ~ смета расходов на аренду sales ~ торговая смета sales promotion ~ смета расходов на мероприятия по стимулированию сбыта storage ~s вчт. ресурсы памяти submit the ~ представлять смету supplementary ~ дополнительная финансовая смета timing ~s вчт. ресурсы времени unbalanced ~ несбалансированный бюджет variable ~ гибкая производственная программа-смета variable ~ смета с учетом изменения издержек, связанных с колебаниями объема производства

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > budget

  • 8 budget

    ['bʌʤɪt] 1. сущ.
    1) бюджет; финансовая смета

    national / state budget — государственный бюджет

    an item in / on a budget — статья расходов в бюджете

    to adhere to / keep to/ remain within a budget — придерживаться составленной сметы; не превышать расходов, зафиксированных в смете

    to exceed / stretch a budget — выходить за пределы сметы

    to cut / reduce a budget — сократить смету, урезать смету

    3) уст. сумка и её содержимое
    2. гл.
    1) = budget for предусматривать в бюджете, ассигновать

    The university had to budget for an increase in the number of students. — Университету пришлось выделить деньги на увеличение числа студентов.

    We shall have to budget an additional amount for the new baby's needs. — Нам придется откладывать дополнительные деньги на ребёнка.

    Англо-русский современный словарь > budget

  • 9 balance

    1.
    ['bæləns]noun
    1) (instrument) Waage, die

    balance[-wheel] — Unruh, die

    2) (fig.)

    be or hang in the balance — in der Schwebe sein

    3) (even distribution) Gleichgewicht, das; (due proportion) ausgewogenes Verhältnis

    strike a balance betweenden Mittelweg finden zwischen (+ Dat.)

    4) (counterpoise, steady position) Gleichgewicht, das

    keep/lose one's balance — das Gleichgewicht halten/verlieren; (fig.) sein Gleichgewicht bewahren/verlieren

    off [one's] balance — (lit. or fig.) aus dem Gleichgewicht

    5) (preponderating weight or amount) Bilanz, die
    6) (Bookk.): (difference) Bilanz, die; (state of bank account) Kontostand, der; (statement) Auszug, der

    on balance(fig.) alles in allem

    balance sheet — Bilanz, die

    7) (Econ.)

    balance of payments — Zahlungsbilanz, die

    balance of trade — Handelsbilanz, die

    8) (remainder) Rest, der
    2. transitive verb
    1) (weigh up) abwägen

    balance something with or by or against something else — etwas gegen etwas anderes abwägen

    2) (bring into or keep in balance) balancieren; auswuchten [Rad]
    3) (equal, neutralize) ausgleichen

    balance each other, be balanced — sich (Dat.) die Waage halten

    5) (Bookk.) bilanzieren
    3. intransitive verb
    1) (be in equilibrium) balancieren

    balancing act(lit. or fig.) Balanceakt, der

    2) (Bookk.) ausgeglichen sein
    * * *
    ['bæləns] 1. noun
    1) (a weighing instrument.) die Waage
    2) (a state of physical steadiness: The child was walking along the wall when he lost his balance and fell.) das Gleichgewicht
    3) (state of mental or emotional steadiness: The balance of her mind was disturbed.) das Gleichgewicht
    4) (the amount by which the two sides of a financial account (money spent and money received) differ: I have a balance (= amount remaining) of $100 in my bank account; a large bank balance.) das (Bank-)Guthaben
    2. verb
    1) ((of two sides of a financial account) to make or be equal: I can't get these accounts to balance.) ins Gleichgewicht bringen
    2) (to make or keep steady: She balanced the jug of water on her head; The girl balanced on her toes.) balancieren
    - academic.ru/5139/balance_sheet">balance sheet
    - in the balance
    - off balance
    - on balance
    * * *
    bal·ance
    [ˈbælən(t)s]
    I. n
    1. no pl ( also fig: equilibrium) Balance f a. fig, Gleichgewicht nt a. fig
    the \balance of nature das Gleichgewicht der Natur
    sense of \balance Gleichgewichtssinn m
    the natural \balance das ökologische Gleichgewicht
    personal \balance innere Ausgeglichenheit, seelisches Gleichgewicht
    to keep one's \balance das Gleichgewicht [be]halten
    to hang [or be] in the \balance ( fig) in der Schwebe sein fig
    his life hung in the \balance sein Leben hing an einem seidenen Faden
    to lose one's \balance das Gleichgewicht verlieren; ( fig) die Fassung verlieren
    to regain one's \balance ( fig) wieder ins Lot kommen, sein Gleichgewicht wiederfinden
    to throw [or catch] sb off \balance ( also fig) jdn aus dem Gleichgewicht bringen a. fig
    on \balance alles in allem
    2. no pl (equality) Gleichgewicht nt, Ausgewogenheit f
    I try to keep a \balance between work and relaxation ich versuche, mein Leben so zu gestalten, dass sich Arbeit und Entspannung die Waage halten
    this newspaper maintains a good \balance in its presentation of different opinions die Zeitung gibt die verschiedenen Meinungen in einem ausgewogenen Verhältnis wieder
    to hold the \balance of power das Gleichgewicht der Kräfte aufrechterhalten
    to redress the \balance das Gleichgewicht wiederherstellen
    to strike a \balance between two things den goldenen Mittelweg zwischen zwei Dingen finden
    to upset [or disturb] the [delicate] \balance between two things das [empfindliche] Gleichgewicht zwischen zwei Dingen durcheinanderbringen
    3. (counteracting force) Gegengewicht nt, Ausgleich m (to zu + dat)
    4. no pl (predominating weight) Hauptgewicht nt
    the \balance of opinion is that... es herrscht die Meinung vor, dass...
    the \balance of evidence suggests that... es überwiegen die Beweise dafür, dass...
    5. FIN Saldo m, Kontostand m; (credit also) Guthaben nt
    what is the \balance in my account? wie ist mein Kontostand?
    [annual] \balance sheet [Jahres]bilanz f
    \balance amount Saldobetrag m
    \balance carried forward Saldovortrag m
    \balance in cash Barguthaben nt
    to check one's bank \balance seinen Kontostand überprüfen
    \balance on hand Kasse f, verfügbarer Saldo m
    \balance brought down [or forward] Saldoübertrag m, Saldovortrag m
    on \balance per Saldo fachspr
    6. FIN (amount left to pay) Rest[betrag] m
    the \balance of 600 euros must be paid within 30 days der Restbetrag von Euro 600 muss innerhalb von 30 Tagen gezahlt werden
    \balance due [to us] fälliger Rechnungsbetrag
    7. ECON
    \balance of payments, BOP Zahlungsbilanz f
    capital account \balance of payments Kapitalbilanz f (Teil der Zahlungsbilanz)
    current account \balance of payments Zahlungsbilanz f der laufenden Posten
    long-term \balance of payments langfristige Zahlungsbilanz
    overall \balance of payments Gesamtzahlungsbilanz f
    \balance of payments adjustment Zahlungsbilanzausgleich m
    \balance of payments deficit Zahlungsbilanzdefizit nt
    \balance of payments imbalance Zahlungsbilanzungleichgewicht nt
    \balance of payments surplus Zahlungsbilanzüberschuss m
    \balance of trade Handelsbilanz f
    adverse [or unfavourable] \balance of trade passive Handelsbilanz
    favourable \balance of trade aktive Handelsbilanz
    8. (scales) Waage f
    9. ART (harmony) Ausgewogenheit f
    10. TECH, MUS Balance f, Aussteuerung f
    11. NAUT of a boat Balance f
    12. ASTROL, ASTRON
    the \balance die Waage
    13. TECH (in a clock or watch) Unruh f
    II. vt
    1. (compare)
    to \balance sth with [or against] sth etw gegen etw akk abwägen
    to \balance sth etw balancieren
    he \balanced the basket on his head er balancierte den Korb auf seinem Kopf
    3. (achieve equilibrium)
    to \balance sth and sth ein Gleichgewicht zwischen etw dat und etw dat herstellen
    4. FIN
    to \balance an account ein Konto ausgleichen [o fachspr saldieren]
    to \balance the books die Bücher abschließen, die Bilanz aufstellen
    5. ECON
    to \balance the economy [or budget] den Haushalt ausgleichen
    to \balance sth etw ausgleichen
    7. TECH
    to \balance wheels Räder auswuchten
    III. vi
    1. ( also fig: keep steady) das Gleichgewicht halten
    she \balanced on one foot sie balancierte auf einem Fuß
    2. FIN account ausgeglichen sein
    * * *
    ['bləns]
    1. n
    1) (= apparatus) Waage f

    his life hung in the balancesein Leben hing an einem dünnen or seidenen Faden

    2) (= counterpoise) Gegengewicht nt (to zu); (fig) Ausgleich m (to für)
    3) (lit, fig: equilibrium) Gleichgewicht nt

    to lose one's balance — aus dem Gleichgewicht kommen, das Gleichgewicht verlieren

    to recover one's balance — wieder ins Gleichgewicht kommen, das Gleichgewicht wiedererlangen

    to throw sb off ( his) balance — jdn aus dem Gleichgewicht bringen

    on the balance of probabilities... — wenn man die Möglichkeiten gegeneinander abwägt,...

    the balance of power —

    balance of terrorGleichgewicht nt des Schreckens

    to strike the right balance between old and new/import and export — den goldenen Mittelweg zwischen Alt und Neu finden/das richtige Verhältnis von Import zu Export finden

    4) (= preponderant weight) Hauptgewicht nt
    5) (COMM, FIN: state of account) Saldo m; (with bank) Kontostand m, Saldo m; (of company) Bilanz f

    balance due (Banking)Debetsaldo m, Soll nt; (Comm) Rechnungsbetrag m

    or favor (US)Saldoguthaben nt

    balance of payments/trade — Zahlungs-/Handelsbilanz f

    6) (= remainder) Rest m

    to pay off the balance — den Rest bezahlen; (Banking) den Saldo begleichen

    my father has promised to make up the balancemein Vater hat versprochen, die Differenz zu (be)zahlen

    7) (ART) Ausgewogenheit f
    2. vt
    1) (= keep level, in equilibrium) im Gleichgewicht halten; (= bring into equilibrium) ins Gleichgewicht bringen, ausbalancieren
    2) (in the mind) two arguments (gegeneinander) abwägen; interests, needs, demands abwägen (against gegen)
    3) (= equal, make up for) ausgleichen
    4) (COMM, FIN) account (= add up) saldieren, abschließen; (= make equal) ausgleichen; (= pay off) begleichen; budget ausgleichen
    5) (AUT) wheel auswuchten
    3. vi
    1) (= be in equilibrium) Gleichgewicht halten; (scales) sich ausbalancieren; (painting) ausgewogen sein

    with a ball balancing on its nosemit einem Ball, den er auf der Nase balancierte

    2) (COMM, FIN accounts) ausgeglichen sein
    * * *
    balance [ˈbæləns]
    A s
    1. Waage f:
    tip the balance fig den Ausschlag gegen (in favo[u]r of für; against gegen)
    2. Gleichgewicht n:
    a) Balance f
    b) auch balance of mind Fassung f, Gemütsruhe f:
    in the balance fig in der Schwebe;
    out of balance TECH exzentrisch, aus dem Gleichgewicht;
    hang ( oder tremble) in the balance fig auf (des) Messers Schneide stehen;
    hold the balance (of power) fig das Zünglein an der Waage bilden;
    keep one’s balance
    a) das Gleichgewicht halten,
    b) fig sich nicht aus der Fassung bringen lassen;
    lose one’s balance das Gleichgewicht od (fig) die Fassung verlieren;
    throw sb off (their) balance
    a) jemanden aus dem Gleichgewicht bringen,
    b) fig jemanden aus der Fassung bringen;
    balance of nature ökologisches Gleichgewicht;
    balance of power (politisches) Gleichgewicht, Gleichgewicht der Kräfte, Kräftegleichgewicht;
    the balance of the game was changing SPORT das Spiel kippte um
    3. (to) besonders fig Gegengewicht n (zu), Ausgleich m (für)
    4. besonders fig Übergewicht n
    5. fig Abwägen n:
    on balance wenn man alles berücksichtigt, alles in allem (genommen) ( A 7)
    6. KUNST harmonisches Verhältnis, Ausgewogenheit f (auch eines Fernsehprogramms etc)
    7. WIRTSCH
    a) Bilanz f
    b) Rechnungsabschluss m
    c) (Konten-, Rechnungs)Saldo m, Kontostand m, Bestand m, Guthaben n
    d) Restbetrag m, -summe f:
    balance at ( oder in) the bank Banksaldo, -guthaben;
    balance of accounts Kontenabschluss m;
    balance of payments Zahlungsbilanz;
    balance of trade Handelsbilanz;
    balance of the books Abschluss m der Bücher;
    balance due Debetsaldo, geschuldeter Restbetrag;
    balance in your favo(u)r Saldo zu Ihren Gunsten;
    balance in ( oder on) hand Bar-, Kassenbestand;
    show a balance einen Saldo aufweisen;
    strike a balance den Saldo od (a. fig)(die) Bilanz ziehen;
    on balance per Saldo ( A 5); bring forward 3
    8. Rest m:
    the balance of my annual holiday mein restlicher Jahresurlaub
    9. TECH Unruh f (der Uhr)
    10. ELEK (Null)Abgleich m (einer Messbrücke)
    11. PHYS Ausgleich m, Kompensation f
    12. PHYSIOL (Stickstoff- etc) Gleichgewicht n:
    thyroid balance Schilddrüsengleichgewicht, normales Funktionieren der Schilddrüse
    13. Balance ASTROL Waage f (Tierkreiszeichen)
    B v/t
    1. wiegen
    2. fig (ab-, er)wägen:
    balance one thing against another eine Sache gegen eine andere abwägen
    3. (o.s. sich) im Gleichgewicht halten, balancieren
    4. ins Gleichgewicht bringen, ausgleichen, ausbalancieren
    5. ELEK
    a) abgleichen
    b) entkoppeln, neutralisieren
    c) symmetrieren
    6. TECH Räder etc auswuchten
    7. WIRTSCH Konten oder Rechnungen aus-, begleichen, saldieren, abschließen:
    balance one item against another einen Posten gegen einen anderen aufrechnen;
    balance our account zum Ausgleich unserer Rechnung;
    balance the ledger das Hauptbuch (ab)schließen;
    balance the cash Kasse(nsturz) machen; account C 1, checkbook
    8. WIRTSCH gleichstehen mit:
    9. KUNST harmonisch gestalten
    C v/i
    1. sich im Gleichgewicht halten (auch fig), balancieren:
    balance with ein Gegengewicht bilden zu, etwas ausgleichen
    2. sich (hin und her) wiegen, wippen
    3. auch balance out TECH sich einspielen (Zeiger etc)
    4. WIRTSCH sich ausgleichen (Rechnungen)
    bal. abk
    1. WIRTSCH balance
    2. WIRTSCH balancing
    * * *
    1.
    ['bæləns]noun
    1) (instrument) Waage, die

    balance[-wheel] — Unruh, die

    2) (fig.)

    be or hang in the balance — in der Schwebe sein

    3) (even distribution) Gleichgewicht, das; (due proportion) ausgewogenes Verhältnis

    strike a balance between — den Mittelweg finden zwischen (+ Dat.)

    4) (counterpoise, steady position) Gleichgewicht, das

    keep/lose one's balance — das Gleichgewicht halten/verlieren; (fig.) sein Gleichgewicht bewahren/verlieren

    off [one's] balance — (lit. or fig.) aus dem Gleichgewicht

    6) (Bookk.): (difference) Bilanz, die; (state of bank account) Kontostand, der; (statement) Auszug, der

    on balance(fig.) alles in allem

    balance sheet — Bilanz, die

    7) (Econ.)

    balance of payments — Zahlungsbilanz, die

    balance of trade — Handelsbilanz, die

    8) (remainder) Rest, der
    2. transitive verb
    1) (weigh up) abwägen

    balance something with or by or against something else — etwas gegen etwas anderes abwägen

    2) (bring into or keep in balance) balancieren; auswuchten [Rad]
    3) (equal, neutralize) ausgleichen

    balance each other, be balanced — sich (Dat.) die Waage halten

    4) (make up for, exclude dominance of) ausgleichen
    5) (Bookk.) bilanzieren
    3. intransitive verb
    1) (be in equilibrium) balancieren

    balancing act(lit. or fig.) Balanceakt, der

    2) (Bookk.) ausgeglichen sein
    * * *
    (banking) n.
    Guthaben - n. n.
    Abgleich -ungen m.
    Ausgewogenheit f.
    Bilanz -en f.
    Gleichgewicht n. v.
    abwägen v.
    ausgleichen v.

    English-german dictionary > balance

  • 10 balancé

    1.
    ['bæləns]noun
    1) (instrument) Waage, die

    balance[-wheel] — Unruh, die

    2) (fig.)

    be or hang in the balance — in der Schwebe sein

    3) (even distribution) Gleichgewicht, das; (due proportion) ausgewogenes Verhältnis

    strike a balance betweenden Mittelweg finden zwischen (+ Dat.)

    4) (counterpoise, steady position) Gleichgewicht, das

    keep/lose one's balance — das Gleichgewicht halten/verlieren; (fig.) sein Gleichgewicht bewahren/verlieren

    off [one's] balance — (lit. or fig.) aus dem Gleichgewicht

    5) (preponderating weight or amount) Bilanz, die
    6) (Bookk.): (difference) Bilanz, die; (state of bank account) Kontostand, der; (statement) Auszug, der

    on balance(fig.) alles in allem

    balance sheet — Bilanz, die

    7) (Econ.)

    balance of payments — Zahlungsbilanz, die

    balance of trade — Handelsbilanz, die

    8) (remainder) Rest, der
    2. transitive verb
    1) (weigh up) abwägen

    balance something with or by or against something else — etwas gegen etwas anderes abwägen

    2) (bring into or keep in balance) balancieren; auswuchten [Rad]
    3) (equal, neutralize) ausgleichen

    balance each other, be balanced — sich (Dat.) die Waage halten

    5) (Bookk.) bilanzieren
    3. intransitive verb
    1) (be in equilibrium) balancieren

    balancing act(lit. or fig.) Balanceakt, der

    2) (Bookk.) ausgeglichen sein
    * * *
    ['bæləns] 1. noun
    1) (a weighing instrument.) die Waage
    2) (a state of physical steadiness: The child was walking along the wall when he lost his balance and fell.) das Gleichgewicht
    3) (state of mental or emotional steadiness: The balance of her mind was disturbed.) das Gleichgewicht
    4) (the amount by which the two sides of a financial account (money spent and money received) differ: I have a balance (= amount remaining) of $100 in my bank account; a large bank balance.) das (Bank-)Guthaben
    2. verb
    1) ((of two sides of a financial account) to make or be equal: I can't get these accounts to balance.) ins Gleichgewicht bringen
    2) (to make or keep steady: She balanced the jug of water on her head; The girl balanced on her toes.) balancieren
    - academic.ru/5139/balance_sheet">balance sheet
    - in the balance
    - off balance
    - on balance
    * * *
    bal·ance
    [ˈbælən(t)s]
    I. n
    1. no pl ( also fig: equilibrium) Balance f a. fig, Gleichgewicht nt a. fig
    the \balance of nature das Gleichgewicht der Natur
    sense of \balance Gleichgewichtssinn m
    the natural \balance das ökologische Gleichgewicht
    personal \balance innere Ausgeglichenheit, seelisches Gleichgewicht
    to keep one's \balance das Gleichgewicht [be]halten
    to hang [or be] in the \balance ( fig) in der Schwebe sein fig
    his life hung in the \balance sein Leben hing an einem seidenen Faden
    to lose one's \balance das Gleichgewicht verlieren; ( fig) die Fassung verlieren
    to regain one's \balance ( fig) wieder ins Lot kommen, sein Gleichgewicht wiederfinden
    to throw [or catch] sb off \balance ( also fig) jdn aus dem Gleichgewicht bringen a. fig
    on \balance alles in allem
    2. no pl (equality) Gleichgewicht nt, Ausgewogenheit f
    I try to keep a \balance between work and relaxation ich versuche, mein Leben so zu gestalten, dass sich Arbeit und Entspannung die Waage halten
    this newspaper maintains a good \balance in its presentation of different opinions die Zeitung gibt die verschiedenen Meinungen in einem ausgewogenen Verhältnis wieder
    to hold the \balance of power das Gleichgewicht der Kräfte aufrechterhalten
    to redress the \balance das Gleichgewicht wiederherstellen
    to strike a \balance between two things den goldenen Mittelweg zwischen zwei Dingen finden
    to upset [or disturb] the [delicate] \balance between two things das [empfindliche] Gleichgewicht zwischen zwei Dingen durcheinanderbringen
    3. (counteracting force) Gegengewicht nt, Ausgleich m (to zu + dat)
    4. no pl (predominating weight) Hauptgewicht nt
    the \balance of opinion is that... es herrscht die Meinung vor, dass...
    the \balance of evidence suggests that... es überwiegen die Beweise dafür, dass...
    5. FIN Saldo m, Kontostand m; (credit also) Guthaben nt
    what is the \balance in my account? wie ist mein Kontostand?
    [annual] \balance sheet [Jahres]bilanz f
    \balance amount Saldobetrag m
    \balance carried forward Saldovortrag m
    \balance in cash Barguthaben nt
    to check one's bank \balance seinen Kontostand überprüfen
    \balance on hand Kasse f, verfügbarer Saldo m
    \balance brought down [or forward] Saldoübertrag m, Saldovortrag m
    on \balance per Saldo fachspr
    6. FIN (amount left to pay) Rest[betrag] m
    the \balance of 600 euros must be paid within 30 days der Restbetrag von Euro 600 muss innerhalb von 30 Tagen gezahlt werden
    \balance due [to us] fälliger Rechnungsbetrag
    7. ECON
    \balance of payments, BOP Zahlungsbilanz f
    capital account \balance of payments Kapitalbilanz f (Teil der Zahlungsbilanz)
    current account \balance of payments Zahlungsbilanz f der laufenden Posten
    long-term \balance of payments langfristige Zahlungsbilanz
    overall \balance of payments Gesamtzahlungsbilanz f
    \balance of payments adjustment Zahlungsbilanzausgleich m
    \balance of payments deficit Zahlungsbilanzdefizit nt
    \balance of payments imbalance Zahlungsbilanzungleichgewicht nt
    \balance of payments surplus Zahlungsbilanzüberschuss m
    \balance of trade Handelsbilanz f
    adverse [or unfavourable] \balance of trade passive Handelsbilanz
    favourable \balance of trade aktive Handelsbilanz
    8. (scales) Waage f
    9. ART (harmony) Ausgewogenheit f
    10. TECH, MUS Balance f, Aussteuerung f
    11. NAUT of a boat Balance f
    12. ASTROL, ASTRON
    the \balance die Waage
    13. TECH (in a clock or watch) Unruh f
    II. vt
    1. (compare)
    to \balance sth with [or against] sth etw gegen etw akk abwägen
    to \balance sth etw balancieren
    he \balanced the basket on his head er balancierte den Korb auf seinem Kopf
    3. (achieve equilibrium)
    to \balance sth and sth ein Gleichgewicht zwischen etw dat und etw dat herstellen
    4. FIN
    to \balance an account ein Konto ausgleichen [o fachspr saldieren]
    to \balance the books die Bücher abschließen, die Bilanz aufstellen
    5. ECON
    to \balance the economy [or budget] den Haushalt ausgleichen
    to \balance sth etw ausgleichen
    7. TECH
    to \balance wheels Räder auswuchten
    III. vi
    1. ( also fig: keep steady) das Gleichgewicht halten
    she \balanced on one foot sie balancierte auf einem Fuß
    2. FIN account ausgeglichen sein
    * * *
    ['bləns]
    1. n
    1) (= apparatus) Waage f

    his life hung in the balancesein Leben hing an einem dünnen or seidenen Faden

    2) (= counterpoise) Gegengewicht nt (to zu); (fig) Ausgleich m (to für)
    3) (lit, fig: equilibrium) Gleichgewicht nt

    to lose one's balance — aus dem Gleichgewicht kommen, das Gleichgewicht verlieren

    to recover one's balance — wieder ins Gleichgewicht kommen, das Gleichgewicht wiedererlangen

    to throw sb off ( his) balance — jdn aus dem Gleichgewicht bringen

    on the balance of probabilities... — wenn man die Möglichkeiten gegeneinander abwägt,...

    the balance of power —

    balance of terrorGleichgewicht nt des Schreckens

    to strike the right balance between old and new/import and export — den goldenen Mittelweg zwischen Alt und Neu finden/das richtige Verhältnis von Import zu Export finden

    4) (= preponderant weight) Hauptgewicht nt
    5) (COMM, FIN: state of account) Saldo m; (with bank) Kontostand m, Saldo m; (of company) Bilanz f

    balance due (Banking)Debetsaldo m, Soll nt; (Comm) Rechnungsbetrag m

    or favor (US)Saldoguthaben nt

    balance of payments/trade — Zahlungs-/Handelsbilanz f

    6) (= remainder) Rest m

    to pay off the balance — den Rest bezahlen; (Banking) den Saldo begleichen

    my father has promised to make up the balancemein Vater hat versprochen, die Differenz zu (be)zahlen

    7) (ART) Ausgewogenheit f
    2. vt
    1) (= keep level, in equilibrium) im Gleichgewicht halten; (= bring into equilibrium) ins Gleichgewicht bringen, ausbalancieren
    2) (in the mind) two arguments (gegeneinander) abwägen; interests, needs, demands abwägen (against gegen)
    3) (= equal, make up for) ausgleichen
    4) (COMM, FIN) account (= add up) saldieren, abschließen; (= make equal) ausgleichen; (= pay off) begleichen; budget ausgleichen
    5) (AUT) wheel auswuchten
    3. vi
    1) (= be in equilibrium) Gleichgewicht halten; (scales) sich ausbalancieren; (painting) ausgewogen sein

    with a ball balancing on its nosemit einem Ball, den er auf der Nase balancierte

    2) (COMM, FIN accounts) ausgeglichen sein
    * * *
    balancé [ˌbælənˈseı] s Ballett: Balancé n (Schwebeschritt)
    * * *
    1.
    ['bæləns]noun
    1) (instrument) Waage, die

    balance[-wheel] — Unruh, die

    2) (fig.)

    be or hang in the balance — in der Schwebe sein

    3) (even distribution) Gleichgewicht, das; (due proportion) ausgewogenes Verhältnis

    strike a balance between — den Mittelweg finden zwischen (+ Dat.)

    4) (counterpoise, steady position) Gleichgewicht, das

    keep/lose one's balance — das Gleichgewicht halten/verlieren; (fig.) sein Gleichgewicht bewahren/verlieren

    off [one's] balance — (lit. or fig.) aus dem Gleichgewicht

    6) (Bookk.): (difference) Bilanz, die; (state of bank account) Kontostand, der; (statement) Auszug, der

    on balance(fig.) alles in allem

    balance sheet — Bilanz, die

    7) (Econ.)

    balance of payments — Zahlungsbilanz, die

    balance of trade — Handelsbilanz, die

    8) (remainder) Rest, der
    2. transitive verb
    1) (weigh up) abwägen

    balance something with or by or against something else — etwas gegen etwas anderes abwägen

    2) (bring into or keep in balance) balancieren; auswuchten [Rad]
    3) (equal, neutralize) ausgleichen

    balance each other, be balanced — sich (Dat.) die Waage halten

    4) (make up for, exclude dominance of) ausgleichen
    5) (Bookk.) bilanzieren
    3. intransitive verb
    1) (be in equilibrium) balancieren

    balancing act(lit. or fig.) Balanceakt, der

    2) (Bookk.) ausgeglichen sein
    * * *
    (banking) n.
    Guthaben - n. n.
    Abgleich -ungen m.
    Ausgewogenheit f.
    Bilanz -en f.
    Gleichgewicht n. v.
    abwägen v.
    ausgleichen v.

    English-german dictionary > balancé

  • 11 balance

    I ['bæləns]
    1) (stable position) equilibrio m. (anche fig.)

    to keep one's balance — mantenere l'equilibrio, stare in equilibrio

    to catch sb. off balance — fig. cogliere qcn. alla sprovvista

    to throw sb. off balance — fig. fare perdere l'equilibrio a qcn.

    2) (scales) bilancia f. (anche fig.)

    to be o hang in the balance fig. essere in bilico o in sospeso; on balance — tutto considerato o tutto sommato

    3) amm. comm. (in account) saldo m., bilancio m.
    4) (remainder) resto m., rimanenza f.
    5) astrol.
    II 1. ['bæləns]
    1) fig. (compensate for) (anche balance out) bilanciare, compensare
    2) (counterbalance) bilanciare, controbilanciare [weights, design, elements]
    3) (perch) bilanciare, tenere in equilibrio
    4) (adjust) equilibrare [diet, activity]
    5) (weigh up, compare) soppesare, valutare

    to balance sth. against sth. — mettere a confronto qcs. con qcs

    6) amm. comm. pareggiare, fare quadrare [account, budget]
    2.
    1) [one person, one thing] stare in equilibrio; [two things, persons] equilibrarsi, bilanciarsi
    2) fig. (anche balance out) [ drawbacks] compensarsi, bilanciarsi
    3) amm. comm. [books, budget] essere, chiudere in pareggio; [ figures] quadrare

    to make sth. balance to get sth. to balance — fare quadrare qcs

    * * *
    ['bæləns] 1. noun
    1) (a weighing instrument.) bilancia
    2) (a state of physical steadiness: The child was walking along the wall when he lost his balance and fell.) equilibrio
    3) (state of mental or emotional steadiness: The balance of her mind was disturbed.) equilibrio
    4) (the amount by which the two sides of a financial account (money spent and money received) differ: I have a balance (= amount remaining) of $100 in my bank account; a large bank balance.) saldo
    2. verb
    1) ((of two sides of a financial account) to make or be equal: I can't get these accounts to balance.) equilibrare
    2) (to make or keep steady: She balanced the jug of water on her head; The girl balanced on her toes.) tenere/tenersi in equilibrio
    - in the balance
    - off balance
    - on balance
    * * *
    I ['bæləns]
    1) (stable position) equilibrio m. (anche fig.)

    to keep one's balance — mantenere l'equilibrio, stare in equilibrio

    to catch sb. off balance — fig. cogliere qcn. alla sprovvista

    to throw sb. off balance — fig. fare perdere l'equilibrio a qcn.

    2) (scales) bilancia f. (anche fig.)

    to be o hang in the balance fig. essere in bilico o in sospeso; on balance — tutto considerato o tutto sommato

    3) amm. comm. (in account) saldo m., bilancio m.
    4) (remainder) resto m., rimanenza f.
    5) astrol.
    II 1. ['bæləns]
    1) fig. (compensate for) (anche balance out) bilanciare, compensare
    2) (counterbalance) bilanciare, controbilanciare [weights, design, elements]
    3) (perch) bilanciare, tenere in equilibrio
    4) (adjust) equilibrare [diet, activity]
    5) (weigh up, compare) soppesare, valutare

    to balance sth. against sth. — mettere a confronto qcs. con qcs

    6) amm. comm. pareggiare, fare quadrare [account, budget]
    2.
    1) [one person, one thing] stare in equilibrio; [two things, persons] equilibrarsi, bilanciarsi
    2) fig. (anche balance out) [ drawbacks] compensarsi, bilanciarsi
    3) amm. comm. [books, budget] essere, chiudere in pareggio; [ figures] quadrare

    to make sth. balance to get sth. to balance — fare quadrare qcs

    English-Italian dictionary > balance

  • 12 balance

    'bæləns
    1. noun
    1) (a weighing instrument.) balanza
    2) (a state of physical steadiness: The child was walking along the wall when he lost his balance and fell.) equilibrio
    3) (state of mental or emotional steadiness: The balance of her mind was disturbed.) equilibrio
    4) (the amount by which the two sides of a financial account (money spent and money received) differ: I have a balance (= amount remaining) of $100 in my bank account; a large bank balance.) saldo

    2. verb
    1) ((of two sides of a financial account) to make or be equal: I can't get these accounts to balance.) equilibrar, igualar
    2) (to make or keep steady: She balanced the jug of water on her head; The girl balanced on her toes.) mantener(se) en equilibrio
    - in the balance
    - off balance
    - on balance

    1. equilibrio
    2. balanza
    balance2 vb equilibrar / mantener en equilibrio
    can you balance a ball on your nose? ¿puedes mantener una pelota sobre la nariz sin que se caiga?


    balance sustantivo masculino 1
    a) (resumen, valoración) assessment, evaluation;
    hacer balance de algo to take stock of sth, to evaluate sth 2 (Com, Fin) (cálculo, cómputo) balance; ( documento) balance sheet; ( de cuenta) balance
    balance sustantivo masculino
    1 Fin balance (documento financiero) balance sheet
    2 (valoración, resultado) outcome: se desconoce el balance de víctimas, the number of victims is unknown
    3 fig (reflexión, valoración) tienes que hacer balance de tu matrimonio, you must take stock of your marriage ' balance' also found in these entries: Spanish: balanza - casar - cuadrar - deficitaria - deficitario - desequilibrar - desnivelar - desnivelada - desnivelado - deudor - deudora - equilibrar - equilibrio - nivelar - saldo - ajustar - balancear - contrapeso - desequilibrado - mantener - perder English: balance - balance of payments - balance of power - balance out - balance sheet - bank balance - bottom line - consolidate - debit balance - doctor - off-balance - outstanding - quarterly statement - trading results - weekly statement - bank - credit - fine - footing - over - stock - strike
    tr['bæləns]
    1 equilibrio
    2 (scales) balanza
    4 (remainder) resto
    5 (harmony) equilibrio, armonía
    1 poner en equilibrio
    2 (budget) equilibrar; (account) saldar
    3 (load) equilibrar
    1 mantenerse en equilibrio
    2 SMALLFINANCE/SMALL cuadrar
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    on balance todo considerado
    to balance the books hacer el balance
    to balance one thing with another comparar una cosa con otra
    to balance something on one's head mantener algo en equilibrio sobre la cabeza
    to be off balance estar desequilibrado,-a
    to lose one's balance perder el equilibrio
    to hang in the balance estar en juego, estar pendiente de un hilo
    to restore the balance restablecer el equilibrio
    to strike a balance buscar un término medio
    to throw somebody off balance hacer perder el equilibrio a alguien
    balance due saldo deudor
    balance in hand saldo disponible
    balance of nature equilibrio ecológico
    balance of payments balanza de pagos
    balance of power equilibrio de fuerzas
    balance of trade balanza comercial
    balance sheet estado de cuentas
    balance ['bælənts] v, - anced ; - ancing vt
    1) : hacer el balance de (una cuenta)
    to balance the books: cuadrar las cuentas
    2) equalize: balancear, equilibrar
    3) harmonize: armonizar
    : balancearse
    1) scales: balanza f, báscula f
    2) counterbalance: contrapeso m
    3) equilibrium: equilibrio m
    4) remainder: balance m, resto m
    n.
    balance s.m.
    balanza s.f.
    equilibrio (Física) s.m.
    ordenación s.f.
    peso s.m.
    saldo s.m.
    v.
    abalanzar v.
    balancear v.
    equilibrar v.
    nivelar v.
    saldar v.
    'bæləns
    I
    1) c ( apparatus) balanza f

    to be o hang in the balance — estar* en el aire; tip II 2) a)

    2) u
    a) ( physical) equilibrio m

    to keep/lose one's balance — mantener*/perder* el equilibrio

    the blow caught him off balanceel golpe lo agarró or (Esp) lo cogió desprevenido

    to throw somebody off balance — ( disconcert) desconcertar* a alguien; (lit: topple) hacer* que alguien pierda el equilibrio

    b) u ( equilibrium) equilibrio m

    to strike a balance — dar* con el justo medio

    3) c
    a) ( in accounting) balance m
    b) ( bank balance) saldo m
    c) (difference, remainder) resto m; ( of sum of money) saldo m

    II
    1.
    1)
    a) \<\<load\>\> equilibrar; \<\<object\>\> mantener* or sostener* en equilibrio
    b) ( weigh up) sopesar

    to balance something against something: you have to balance the risks against the likely profit — tienes que sopesar los riesgos y los posibles beneficios

    2) ( Fin) \<\<account\>\> hacer* el balance de

    to balance the books — hacer* cuadrar las cuentas


    2.
    vi
    a) ( hold position) mantener* el equilibrio
    b) ( Fin) \<\<account\>\> cuadrar
    Phrasal Verbs:
    ['bælǝns]
    1. N
    1) (=equilibrium) equilibrio m

    the balance of his mind was disturbedfrm su mente estaba desequilibrada

    in balance — en equilibrio, equilibrado

    to keep one's balance — mantener el equilibrio

    to lose one's balance — perder el equilibrio

    the balance of natureel equilibrio de la naturaleza

    off balance, he's a bit off balance — (mentally) está un poco desequilibrado

    to throw sb off balance — (lit) hacer que algn pierda el equilibrio; (fig) desconcertar a algn

    on balance — (fig) teniendo or tomando en cuenta todos los factores, una vez considerados todos los factores frm

    to be out of balance — [mechanism, wheel] estar desequilibrado

    balance of power — (Mil, Comm) equilibrio m de poder; (Phys) equilibrio m de fuerzas

    to redress the balance — restablecer el equilibrio

    he has no sense of balance — no tiene sentido del equilibrio

    to strike a balance — conseguir or establecer un equilibrio

    2) (=scales) balanza f

    to be or hang in the balance — (fig) estar pendiente de un hilo

    3) (Comm) saldo m

    what's my balance? — ¿qué saldo tengo?

    bank balance — saldo m

    balance carried forwardbalance m a cuenta nueva

    closing balance — saldo m de cierre

    credit/ debit balance — saldo m acreedor/deudor

    balance of payments/ tradebalanza f de pagos/comercio

    4) (=remainder) [of items] resto m ; [of money] saldo m

    balance duesaldo m deudor

    balance outstandingsaldo m pendiente

    5) (Audio) balance m
    2. VT
    1) (=place in equilibrium) [+ weight] equilibrar; [+ object] poner/mantener en equilibrio; (Aut) [+ wheel] nivelar
    2) (=compare) comparar, sopesar; (=make up for) compensar

    this increase must be balanced against the rate of inflation — hay que sopesar este aumento y la tasa de inflación

    3) (Comm)

    to balance the books — hacer balance, hacer cuadrar las cuentas

    to balance the budgetnivelar el presupuesto

    to balance the cashhacer caja

    3. VI
    1) (=keep equilibrium) mantener el equilibrio, mantenerse en equilibrio
    2) (Comm) [accounts] cuadrar
    4.
    CPD

    balance of payments deficit Ndéficit m en la balanza de pagos

    balance of terror Nequilibrio m del terror

    balance sheet Nbalance m, hoja f de balance

    balance transfer N (on credit card) transferencia f de saldo

    * * *
    ['bæləns]
    I
    1) c ( apparatus) balanza f

    to be o hang in the balance — estar* en el aire; tip II 2) a)

    2) u
    a) ( physical) equilibrio m

    to keep/lose one's balance — mantener*/perder* el equilibrio

    the blow caught him off balanceel golpe lo agarró or (Esp) lo cogió desprevenido

    to throw somebody off balance — ( disconcert) desconcertar* a alguien; (lit: topple) hacer* que alguien pierda el equilibrio

    b) u ( equilibrium) equilibrio m

    to strike a balance — dar* con el justo medio

    3) c
    a) ( in accounting) balance m
    b) ( bank balance) saldo m
    c) (difference, remainder) resto m; ( of sum of money) saldo m

    II
    1.
    1)
    a) \<\<load\>\> equilibrar; \<\<object\>\> mantener* or sostener* en equilibrio
    b) ( weigh up) sopesar

    to balance something against something: you have to balance the risks against the likely profit — tienes que sopesar los riesgos y los posibles beneficios

    2) ( Fin) \<\<account\>\> hacer* el balance de

    to balance the books — hacer* cuadrar las cuentas


    2.
    vi
    a) ( hold position) mantener* el equilibrio
    b) ( Fin) \<\<account\>\> cuadrar
    Phrasal Verbs:

    English-spanish dictionary > balance

  • 13 balance

    ['bæləns] 1. n
    ( equilibrium) równowaga f; ( of account) ( sum) stan m konta; ( remainder) saldo nt rachunku; ( scales) waga f
    2. vt
    budget bilansować (zbilansować perf); account zamykać (zamknąć perf); pros and cons rozważać (rozważyć perf); (make equal, compensate) równoważyć (zrównoważyć perf)
    3. vi
    balansować, utrzymywać równowagę

    balance of trade/payments — bilans handlowy/płatniczy

    * * *
    ['bæləns] 1. noun
    1) (a weighing instrument.) waga
    2) (a state of physical steadiness: The child was walking along the wall when he lost his balance and fell.) równowaga
    3) (state of mental or emotional steadiness: The balance of her mind was disturbed.) równowaga
    4) (the amount by which the two sides of a financial account (money spent and money received) differ: I have a balance (= amount remaining) of $100 in my bank account; a large bank balance.) saldo
    2. verb
    1) ((of two sides of a financial account) to make or be equal: I can't get these accounts to balance.) bilansować
    2) (to make or keep steady: She balanced the jug of water on her head; The girl balanced on her toes.) utrzymywać równowagę
    - in the balance
    - off balance
    - on balance

    English-Polish dictionary > balance

  • 14 сальдо государственного бюджета

    1. balance of state budget

     

    сальдо государственного бюджета
    Разница между доходами и расходами государственного бюджета. При превышении расходов над доходами имеем дефицит бюджета [budget deficit], т.е. отрицательное сальдо, при превышении доходов над расходами —профицит бюджета[budget surplus] - положительное.
    [ http://slovar-lopatnikov.ru/]

    Тематики

    EN

    Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > сальдо государственного бюджета

  • 15 державний бюджет

    state budget; government balance; general government balance; government budget; national budget

    Українсько-англійський словник > державний бюджет

  • 16 presupuesto

    adj.
    presupposed, estimated.
    m.
    1 budget, estimate.
    2 presupposition.
    past part.
    past participle of spanish verb: presuponer.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: presupuestar.
    * * *
    1 (en finanzas, política) budget; (de una obra, reparación) estimate
    2 (supuesto) assumption
    ————————
    1→ link=presuponer presuponer
    1 (en finanzas, política) budget; (de una obra, reparación) estimate
    2 (supuesto) assumption
    \
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) (Econ) budget
    2) [para obra, encargo etc] estimate
    3) (=supuesto) premise, assumption
    * * *
    1)
    a) (Fin) budget

    presupuestos generales del Estado — state/national budget

    b) ( precio estimado) estimate

    pedir/hacer un presupuesto — to ask for/give an estimate

    2) ( supuesto) assumption, supposition
    * * *
    = assumption, budget, presumption, presupposition [pre-supposition], quotation, financial statement, budget dollar, purse strings, budget allocation, budgetary allocation, quote.
    Ex. Also, in controlled indexing language data bases, there is often an assumption that a user will be prepared to chase strings of references or to consult a sometimes complex thesaurus.
    Ex. Factors here may be: total budget available for the production of abstracts.
    Ex. Some of these presumptions have served only to perpetuate misconceptions of collection.
    Ex. Computers hold pre-defined and fixed presuppositions, whilst those of humans are unpredictable.
    Ex. When costing, the quotation given seriously underestimated the time needed for the job = Cuando se calculó el costo, el presupuesto que se dio subestimó en gran medida el tiempo necesario para hacer el trabajo.
    Ex. These include an explanatory memorandum which sets out the background of the proposal, and usually also a financial statement of likely budget expenditure.
    Ex. The library and information sectors have to escalate their fight for every budget dollar, and some struggle to justify their very existence.
    Ex. The problem is spreading rapidly, affecting people at all levels of society some of whom control the fate and purse strings of libraries.
    Ex. If there is no policy of standardization, the librarian will be free to choose any suitable system within the budget allocation.
    Ex. The figures in brackets are the percentages of the 1982 budgetary allocations for research.
    Ex. This is the most cost-effective method of acquisition because of the opportunity to choose the least expensive quote from multiple quotes through increasing purchasing power.
    ----
    * administrar el presupuesto = manage + funds.
    * agotar el presupuesto = drain + budget.
    * asignación de presupuesto = budgeting.
    * asignar un presupuesto = allocate + funds.
    * aumentar el presupuesto = add + monies to + budget.
    * austeridad de los presupuestos = budgetary stringency.
    * basarse en + presupuesto = assumption + undergird.
    * confección del presupuesto = budgeting.
    * congelación de los presupuestos = budget freeze.
    * congelar el presupuesto = freeze + budget.
    * controlar el presupuesto = control + the purse strings.
    * control de los presupuestos = budgetary control.
    * con un presupuesto limitado = low-budget.
    * con un presupuesto muy exiguo = on a shoestring (budget).
    * con un presupuesto reducido = low-budget.
    * dado a recortar presupuestos = budget-cutting.
    * elaboración del presupuesto = budgeting process.
    * elaboración de presupuesto = budgeting.
    * encargado de hacer el presupuesto = budgetmaker.
    * encargarse del presupuesto = control + the purse strings.
    * equilibrar el presupuesto = balance + the budget.
    * exceso en el presupuesto = budget overrun, overrun [over-run], cost overrun.
    * hacer un presupuesto = cost.
    * inflar un presupuesto = pad + a budget.
    * limitación del presupuesto = budget constraint.
    * partir de presupuestos = make + assumption.
    * presupuesto asignado por actividades = performance budget.
    * presupuesto asignado según una fórmula = formula budget.
    * presupuesto cada vez más pequeño = shrinking budget.
    * presupuesto cada vez menor = shrinking budget.
    * presupuesto congelado = stagnant budget, frozen budget.
    * presupuesto de adquisiciones = acquisitions budget.
    * presupuesto de base cero = zero-base(d) budgeting (ZZB), zero-base(d) budget.
    * presupuesto desglosado por partidas = programme budget, programme budgetting.
    * presupuesto detallado = line item budget.
    * presupuesto exiguo = shoestring budget.
    * presupuesto extraordinario = capital grant.
    * presupuesto global = lump sum budget.
    * presupuesto para adquisición de material = capital budget.
    * presupuesto para gastos de funcionamiento = operating budget, operating funds.
    * presupuesto para la compra de libros = book funds [bookfunds].
    * presupuesto para la compra de material = materials budget.
    * presupuesto para libros = book budget.
    * presupuesto precario = shoestring budget.
    * presupuesto público = public funding.
    * presupuestos = funding.
    * presupuestos de la mayoría = majority assumptions.
    * presupuestos públicos = state finance.
    * proceso de asignación de presupuestos = budgetary process.
    * recortar el presupuesto = cut back + budget, cut + budget, squeeze + budget.
    * recorte del presupuesto = budgetary constraint, funding cut.
    * recorte de presupuesto = cut in budget.
    * recorte en el presupuesto = funding cut.
    * reducir el presupuesto = cut + monies from + budget.
    * sin exceder el presupuesto = budgetable.
    * * *
    1)
    a) (Fin) budget

    presupuestos generales del Estado — state/national budget

    b) ( precio estimado) estimate

    pedir/hacer un presupuesto — to ask for/give an estimate

    2) ( supuesto) assumption, supposition
    * * *
    = assumption, budget, presumption, presupposition [pre-supposition], quotation, financial statement, budget dollar, purse strings, budget allocation, budgetary allocation, quote.

    Ex: Also, in controlled indexing language data bases, there is often an assumption that a user will be prepared to chase strings of references or to consult a sometimes complex thesaurus.

    Ex: Factors here may be: total budget available for the production of abstracts.
    Ex: Some of these presumptions have served only to perpetuate misconceptions of collection.
    Ex: Computers hold pre-defined and fixed presuppositions, whilst those of humans are unpredictable.
    Ex: When costing, the quotation given seriously underestimated the time needed for the job = Cuando se calculó el costo, el presupuesto que se dio subestimó en gran medida el tiempo necesario para hacer el trabajo.
    Ex: These include an explanatory memorandum which sets out the background of the proposal, and usually also a financial statement of likely budget expenditure.
    Ex: The library and information sectors have to escalate their fight for every budget dollar, and some struggle to justify their very existence.
    Ex: The problem is spreading rapidly, affecting people at all levels of society some of whom control the fate and purse strings of libraries.
    Ex: If there is no policy of standardization, the librarian will be free to choose any suitable system within the budget allocation.
    Ex: The figures in brackets are the percentages of the 1982 budgetary allocations for research.
    Ex: This is the most cost-effective method of acquisition because of the opportunity to choose the least expensive quote from multiple quotes through increasing purchasing power.
    * administrar el presupuesto = manage + funds.
    * agotar el presupuesto = drain + budget.
    * asignación de presupuesto = budgeting.
    * asignar un presupuesto = allocate + funds.
    * aumentar el presupuesto = add + monies to + budget.
    * austeridad de los presupuestos = budgetary stringency.
    * basarse en + presupuesto = assumption + undergird.
    * confección del presupuesto = budgeting.
    * congelación de los presupuestos = budget freeze.
    * congelar el presupuesto = freeze + budget.
    * controlar el presupuesto = control + the purse strings.
    * control de los presupuestos = budgetary control.
    * con un presupuesto limitado = low-budget.
    * con un presupuesto muy exiguo = on a shoestring (budget).
    * con un presupuesto reducido = low-budget.
    * dado a recortar presupuestos = budget-cutting.
    * elaboración del presupuesto = budgeting process.
    * elaboración de presupuesto = budgeting.
    * encargado de hacer el presupuesto = budgetmaker.
    * encargarse del presupuesto = control + the purse strings.
    * equilibrar el presupuesto = balance + the budget.
    * exceso en el presupuesto = budget overrun, overrun [over-run], cost overrun.
    * hacer un presupuesto = cost.
    * inflar un presupuesto = pad + a budget.
    * limitación del presupuesto = budget constraint.
    * partir de presupuestos = make + assumption.
    * presupuesto asignado por actividades = performance budget.
    * presupuesto asignado según una fórmula = formula budget.
    * presupuesto cada vez más pequeño = shrinking budget.
    * presupuesto cada vez menor = shrinking budget.
    * presupuesto congelado = stagnant budget, frozen budget.
    * presupuesto de adquisiciones = acquisitions budget.
    * presupuesto de base cero = zero-base(d) budgeting (ZZB), zero-base(d) budget.
    * presupuesto desglosado por partidas = programme budget, programme budgetting.
    * presupuesto detallado = line item budget.
    * presupuesto exiguo = shoestring budget.
    * presupuesto extraordinario = capital grant.
    * presupuesto global = lump sum budget.
    * presupuesto para adquisición de material = capital budget.
    * presupuesto para gastos de funcionamiento = operating budget, operating funds.
    * presupuesto para la compra de libros = book funds [bookfunds].
    * presupuesto para la compra de material = materials budget.
    * presupuesto para libros = book budget.
    * presupuesto precario = shoestring budget.
    * presupuesto público = public funding.
    * presupuestos = funding.
    * presupuestos de la mayoría = majority assumptions.
    * presupuestos públicos = state finance.
    * proceso de asignación de presupuestos = budgetary process.
    * recortar el presupuesto = cut back + budget, cut + budget, squeeze + budget.
    * recorte del presupuesto = budgetary constraint, funding cut.
    * recorte de presupuesto = cut in budget.
    * recorte en el presupuesto = funding cut.
    * reducir el presupuesto = cut + monies from + budget.
    * sin exceder el presupuesto = budgetable.

    * * *
    A
    1 ( Fin) budget
    presupuestos generales del Estado state/national budget
    pedir/hacer un presupuesto to ask for/give an estimate
    B (supuesto) assumption, supposition
    parten de unos presupuestos falsos they are basing their theory on false assumptions o premises
    * * *

     

    Del verbo presuponer: ( conjugate presuponer)

    presupuesto es:

    el participio

    Del verbo presupuestar: ( conjugate presupuestar)

    presupuesto es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    presupuestó es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    presuponer    
    presupuestar    
    presupuesto
    presuponer ( conjugate presuponer) verbo transitivo
    to presuppose (frml), assume
    presupuesto sustantivo masculino
    1
    a) (Fin) budget



    2 ( supuesto) assumption, supposition
    presuponer verbo transitivo to presuppose, assume
    presupuestar verbo transitivo
    1 (incluir en un presupuesto) to budget for
    2 (calcular gastos, ingresos) to estimate for
    presupuesto sustantivo masculino
    1 Fin budget
    2 (cálculo aproximado) estimate, (más detallado) quote
    3 (presuposición) supposition, assumption
    Estimate es el presupuesto que pides antes de encargar algún trabajo en un taller, tienda, etc. Budget es el presupuesto que te sirve para planificar tus gastos.
    ' presupuesto' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    ajustada
    - ajustado
    - compromiso
    - consignar
    - contrapartida
    - dar
    - estiramiento
    - hinchar
    - holgada
    - holgado
    - inflar
    - militar
    - nivelar
    - partida
    - presupuestar
    - reforma
    - cotización
    - reducido
    - salir
    English:
    allocate
    - balance
    - budget
    - estimate
    - low-budget
    - quotation
    - quote
    - sales budget
    - B
    - leeway
    * * *
    presupuesto, -a
    participio
    ver presuponer
    nm
    1. [dinero disponible] budget
    presupuestos (generales) del Estado state budget, national budget
    2. [cálculo de costes] estimate;
    pedir (un) presupuesto to ask for an estimate;
    me han dado un presupuesto de dos millones they've given me an estimate of two million
    3. [suposición] assumption
    * * *
    I partpresuponer
    II m POL budget
    * * *
    1) : budget, estimate
    2) : assumption, supposition
    * * *
    antes de pintar el piso, pidió varios presupuestos before having the flat painted, she got several estimates

    Spanish-English dictionary > presupuesto

  • 17 государственный бюджет

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > государственный бюджет

  • 18 Staatshaushalt

    Staatshaushalt m WIWI budget, government budget, state budget den Staatshaushalt ausgleichen FIN balance the budget
    * * *
    m <Vw> budget, government budget, state budget ■ den Staatshaushalt ausgleichen < Finanz> balance the budget
    * * *
    Staatshaushalt
    public accounts, national (fiscal) budget, estimates (Br.);
    ausgeglichener Staatshaushalt balanced budget;
    ordentlicher Staatshaushalt government ordinary expenditure and revenue;
    Staatshaushalt unter Vollbeschäftigungsbedingungen full employment budget;
    Staatshaushalt einbringen to bring in the estimates (Br.), to introduce the budget;
    Staatshaushalt einhalten to keep to the budget;
    für den Staatshaushalt verantwortlich sein to run the nation’s budget.

    Business german-english dictionary > Staatshaushalt

  • 19 бюджет

    эк.

    утверждать бюджет — to approve / to pass a budget

    военный бюджет — military / defence budget

    сократить военный бюджет — to cut / to reduce military budget

    огромный / разбухший военный бюджет — massive / bulged military budget

    сокращение военного бюджета — cut in / reduction of military budget

    государственный бюджет — national / state budget

    положительное сальдо государственного бюджета, превышение доходов над расходами в бюджете — budget surplus

    проект государственного бюджета на... год — draft of the state budget for...

    проект (государственного) бюджета — the Estimates (Великобритания)

    несбалансированный бюджет, бюджет, сводимый с дефицитом — unbalanced budget

    чрезвычайный бюджет — emergency / extraordinary budget

    экономный бюджет, бюджет, основанный на режиме строгой экономии — austerity budget

    исполнение бюджета — budget implementation / performance

    подготовка бюджета — budget preparations / formulation

    разногласия / разлад по вопросам бюджета — budget rift

    составление бюджета — budget-making, budgeting

    Russian-english dctionary of diplomacy > бюджет

  • 20 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

См. также в других словарях:

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